Real Time Characterization of Batteries Used for EV Applications
Keywords:
Lead Acid, Lithium Ion, Battery, EV, BMSAbstract
This paper discusses the design and characteristics of batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) with a comparative analysis of lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lead-acid battery technologies. The key parameters to assess the suitability of either battery for EV applications would be energy density, power density, lifecycle, safety, and cost-effectiveness. The Li-ion battery has high energy density and a longer lifecycle but at a high cost. On the other hand, lead-acid batteries are cheaper but have lower energy density and shorter lifetimes, hence not suitable for long-term EV usage. Besides the basic characteristics, this research examines how a battery performs in real conditions of an EV: it looks into how changes in temperature, charging cycles, and load demand influence battery efficiency and lifespan. It will help in analysing each type of battery regarding resilience and adaptability under practical conditions. Finally, this research suggests specific battery configurations and also proposes series and parallel configurations for different EV energy and power requirements. In addressing these factors, research will be able to lead manufacturers and developers in deciding and optimising battery solutions so that performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of electric vehicles will be improved in current and future models.
References
L. Timilsina, P. R. Badr, P. H. Hoang, G. Ozkan, B. Papari, and C. S. Edrington, “Battery Degradation in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Survey Study,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 42431-42462, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ ACCESS.2023.3271287.
R. R. Kumar, C. Bharatiraja, K. Udhayakumar, S. Devakirubakaran, K. S. Sekar, and L. Mihet-Popa, “Advances in Batteries, Battery Modeling, Battery Management System, Battery Thermal Management, SOC, SOH, and Charge/Discharge Characteristics in EV Applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 105761-105809, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3318121.
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Engineering Design and Analysis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
We, the undersigned, give an undertaking to the following effect with regard to our article entitled
“_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________” submitted for publication in (Journal title)________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________Vol.________, Year _________:-
1. The article mentioned above has not been published or submitted to or accepted for publication in any form, in any other journal.
2. We also vouchsafe that the authorship of this article will not be contested by anyone whose name(s) is/are not listed by us here.
3. I/We declare that I/We contributed significantly towards the research study i.e., (a) conception, design and/or analysis and interpretation of data and to (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content and on (c) final approval of the version to be published.
4. I/We hereby acknowledge ADRs conflict of interest policy requirement to scrupulously avoid direct and indirect conflicts of interest and, accordingly, hereby agree to promptly inform the editor or editor's designee of any business, commercial, or other proprietary support, relationships, or interests that I/We may have which relate directly or indirectly to the subject of the work.
5. I/We also agree to the authorship of the article in the following sequence:-
Authors' Names (in sequence) Signature of Authors
1. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
6. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
7. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
8. _____________________________________ _____________________________________
Important
(I). All the authors are required to sign independently in this form in the sequence given above. In case an author has left the institution/ country and whose whereabouts are not known, the senior author may sign on his/ her behalf taking the responsibility.
(ii). No addition/ deletion/ or any change in the sequence of the authorship will be permissible at a later stage, without valid reasons and permission of the Editor.
(iii). If the authorship is contested at any stage, the article will be either returned or will not be
processed for publication till the issue is solved.
